1 Cry aloud, spare not, lift up thy voice like a trumpet, and declare unto my people their transgression, and to the house of Jacob their sins.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- Cry H7121 (קָרָא) — to call out to (i.e. properly, address by name, but used in a wide variety of applications)
- aloud H1627 (גָּרוֹן) — the throat (as roughened by swallowing)
- spare H2820 (חָשַׂךְ) — to restrain or (reflex.) refrain; by implication, to refuse, spare, preserve; to observe
- not, lift H7311 (רוּם) — to be high actively, to rise or raise (in various applications, literally or figuratively)
- up thy voice H6963 (קוֹל) — a voice or sound
- like a trumpet H7782 (שׁוֹפָר) — a cornet (as giving a clear sound) or curved horn
- and shew H5046 (נָגַד) — properly, to front, i.e. stand boldly out opposite; by implication (causatively), to manifest; figuratively, to announce (always by word of mouth to one present…
- my people H5971 (עַם) — a people (as a congregated unit); specifically, a tribe (as those of Israel); hence (collectively) troops or attendants; figuratively, a flock
- their transgression H6588 (פֶּשַׁע) — a revolt (national, moral or religious)
- and the house H1004 (בַּיִת) — a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.)
- of Jacob H3290 (יַעֲקֹב) — Jaakob, the Israelitish patriarch
- their sins H2403 (חַטָּאָה) — an offence (sometimes habitual sinfulness), and its penalty, occasion, sacrifice, or expiation; also (concretely) an offender
2 Yet they seek me daily, and delight to know my ways: as a nation that did righteousness, and forsook not the ordinance of their God, they ask of me righteous judgments; they delight to draw near unto God.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- Yet they seek H1875 (דָּרַשׁ) — properly, to tread or frequent; usually to follow (for pursuit or search); by implication, to seek or ask; specifically to worship
- me daily H3117 (יוֹם) — a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated ter…
- and delight H2654 (חָפֵץ) — properly, to incline to; by implication (literally but rarely) to bend; figuratively, to be pleased with, desire
- to know H1847 (דַּעַת) — knowledge
- my ways H1870 (דֶּרֶךְ) — a road (as trodden); figuratively, a course of life or mode of action, often adverb
- as a nation H1471 (גּוֹי) — a foreign nation; hence, a Gentile; also (figuratively) a troop of animals, or a flight of locusts
- that did H6213 (עָשָׂה) — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest application
- righteousness H6666 (צְדָקָה) — rightness (abstractly), subjectively (rectitude), objectively (justice), morally (virtue) or figuratively (prosperity)
- and forsook H5800 (עָזַב) — to loosen, i.e. relinquish, permit, etc.
- not the ordinance H4941 (מִשְׁפָּט) — properly, a verdict (favorable or unfavorable) pronounced judicially, especially a sentence or formal decree (human or (participant's) divine law, individual or…
- of their God H430 (אֱלֹהִים) — gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference…
- they ask H7592 (שָׁאַל) — to inquire; by implication, to request; by extension, to demand
- of me the ordinances H4941 (מִשְׁפָּט) — properly, a verdict (favorable or unfavorable) pronounced judicially, especially a sentence or formal decree (human or (participant's) divine law, individual or…
- of justice H6664 (צֶדֶק) — the right (natural, moral or legal); also (abstractly) equity or (figuratively) prosperity
- they take delight H2654 (חָפֵץ) — properly, to incline to; by implication (literally but rarely) to bend; figuratively, to be pleased with, desire
- in approaching H7132 (קְרָבָה) — approach
- to God H430 (אֱלֹהִים) — gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference…
3 Wherefore have we fasted, say they, and thou seest not? wherefore have we afflicted our soul, and thou takest no knowledge? Behold, in the day of your fast ye find your own pleasure, and exact all your labors.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- Wherefore have we fasted H6684 (צוּם) — to cover over (the mouth), i.e. to fast
- and thou seest H7200 (רָאָה) — to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative)
- have we afflicted H6031 (עָנָה) — to depress literally or figuratively, transitive or intransitive (in various applications, as follows)
- our soul H5315 (נֶפֶשׁ) — properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental)
- and thou takest no knowledge H3045 (יָדַע) — to know (properly, to ascertain by seeing); used in a great variety of senses, figuratively, literally, euphemistically and inferentially (including observation…
- Behold, in the day H3117 (יוֹם) — a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated ter…
- of your fast H6685 (צוֹם) — a fast
- ye find H4672 (מָצָא) — properly, to come forth to, i.e. appear or exist; transitively, to attain, i.e. find or acquire; figuratively, to occur, meet or be present
- pleasure H2656 (חֵפֶץ) — pleasure; hence (abstractly) desire; concretely, a valuable thing; hence (by extension) a matter (as something in mind)
- and exact H5065 (נָגַשׂ) — to drive (an animal, a workman, a debtor, an army); by implication, to tax, harass, tyrannize
- all your labours H6092 (עָצֵב) — a (hired) workman
4 Behold, ye fast for strife and contention, and to smite with the fist of wickedness: ye fast not this day so as to make your voice to be heard on high.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- Behold, ye fast H6684 (צוּם) — to cover over (the mouth), i.e. to fast
- for strife H7379 (רִיב) — a contest (personal or legal)
- and debate H4683 (מַצָּה) — a quarrel
- and to smite H5221 (נָכָה) — to strike (lightly or severely, literally or figuratively)
- with the fist H106 (אֶגְרֹף) — the clenched hand
- of wickedness H7562 (רֶשַׁע) — a wrong (especially moral)
- ye shall not fast H6684 (צוּם) — to cover over (the mouth), i.e. to fast
- day H3117 (יוֹם) — a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated ter…
- to make your voice H6963 (קוֹל) — a voice or sound
- to be heard H8085 (שָׁמַע) — to hear intelligently (often with implication of attention, obedience, etc.; causatively, to tell, etc.)
- on high H4791 (מָרוֹם) — altitude, i.e. concretely (an elevated place), abstractly (elevation, figuratively (elation), or adverbially (aloft)
5 Is such the fast that I have chosen? the day for a man to afflict his soul? Is it to bow down his head as a rush, and to spread sackcloth and ashes under him? wilt thou call this a fast, and an acceptable day to Jehovah?Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- Is it such a fast H6685 (צוֹם) — a fast
- that I have chosen H977 (בָּחַר) — properly, to try, i.e. (by implication) select
- a day H3117 (יוֹם) — a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated ter…
- for a man H120 (אָדָם) — ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)
- to afflict H6031 (עָנָה) — to depress literally or figuratively, transitive or intransitive (in various applications, as follows)
- his soul H5315 (נֶפֶשׁ) — properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental)
- to bow down H3721 (כָּפַף) — to curve
- his head H7218 (רֹאשׁ) — the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of place, time, rank, itc.)
- as a bulrush H100 (אַגְמוֹן) — a rush (as growing there); collectively a rope of rushes
- and to spread H3331 (יַצַע) — to strew as a surface
- sackcloth H8242 (שַׂק) — properly, a mesh (as allowing a liquid to run through), i.e. coarse loose cloth or sacking (used in mourning and for bagging); hence, a bag (for grain, etc.)
- and ashes H665 (אֵפֶר) — ashes
- wilt thou call H7121 (קָרָא) — to call out to (i.e. properly, address by name, but used in a wide variety of applications)
- this H2088 (זֶה) — the masculine demonstrative pronoun, this or that
- a fast H6685 (צוֹם) — a fast
- and an acceptable H7522 (רָצוֹן) — delight (especially as shown)
- day H3117 (יוֹם) — a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated ter…
- to Yhwh H3068 (יְהֹוָה) — (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jeho-vah, Jewish national name of God
6 Is not this the fast that I have chosen: to loose the bonds of wickedness, to undo the bands of the yoke, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke?Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- not this the fast H6685 (צוֹם) — a fast
- that I have chosen H977 (בָּחַר) — properly, to try, i.e. (by implication) select
- to loose H6605 (פָּתַח) — to open wide (literally or figuratively); specifically, to loosen, begin, plough, carve
- the bands H2784 (חַרְצֻבָּה) — a fetter; figuratively, a pain
- of wickedness H7562 (רֶשַׁע) — a wrong (especially moral)
- to undo H5425 (נָתַר) — to jump, i.e. be violently agitated; causatively, to terrify, shake off, untie
- the heavy H4133 (מוֹטָה) — a pole; by implication, an ox-bow; hence, a yoke (either literal or figurative)
- burdens H92 (אֲגֻדָּה) — a band, bundle, knot, or arch
- and to let the oppressed H7533 (רָצַץ) — to crack in pieces, literally or figuratively
- go H7971 (שָׁלַח) — to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications)
- free H2670 (חׇפְשִׁי) — exempt (from bondage, tax or care)
- and that ye break H5423 (נָתַק) — to tear off
- every yoke H4133 (מוֹטָה) — a pole; by implication, an ox-bow; hence, a yoke (either literal or figurative)
7 Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry, and that thou bring the poor that are cast out to thy house? when thou seest the naked, that thou cover him; and that thou hide not thyself from thine own flesh?Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- not to deal H6536 (פָּרַס) — to break in pieces, i.e. (usually without violence) to split, distribute
- thy bread H3899 (לֶחֶם) — food (for man or beast), especially bread, or grain (for making it)
- to the hungry H7457 (רָעֵב) — hungry (more or less intensely)
- and that thou bring H935 (בּוֹא) — to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)
- the poor H6041 (עָנִי) — depressed, in mind or circumstances
- that are cast out H4788 (מָרוּד) — an outcast; (abstractly) destitution
- to thy house H1004 (בַּיִת) — a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.)
- when thou seest H7200 (רָאָה) — to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative)
- the naked H6174 (עָרוֹם) — nude, either partially or totally
- that thou cover H3680 (כָּסָה) — properly, to plump, i.e. fill up hollows; by implication, to cover (for clothing or secrecy)
- him; and that thou hide H5956 (עָלַם) — to veil from sight, i.e. conceal (literally or figuratively)
- not thyself from thine own flesh H1320 (בָּשָׂר) — flesh (from its freshness); by extension, body, person; also (by euphemistically) the pudenda of a man
8 Then shall thy light break forth as the morning, and thy healing shall spring forth speedily; and thy righteousness shall go before thee; the glory of Jehovah shall be thy rearward.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- Then shall thy light H216 (אוֹר) — illumination or (concrete) luminary (in every sense, including lightning, happiness, etc.)
- break forth H1234 (בָּקַע) — to cleave; generally, to rend, break, rip or open
- as the morning H7837 (שַׁחַר) — dawn (literal, figurative or adverbial)
- and thine health H724 (אֲרוּכָה) — wholeness (literally or figuratively)
- shall spring forth H6779 (צָמַח) — to sprout (transitive or intransitive, literal or figurative)
- speedily H4120 (מְהֵרָה) — properly, a hurry; hence (adverbially) promptly
- and thy righteousness H6664 (צֶדֶק) — the right (natural, moral or legal); also (abstractly) equity or (figuratively) prosperity
- shall go H1980 (הָלַךְ) — to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively)
- before H6440 (פָּנִים) — the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (befo…
- thee; the glory H3519 (כָּבוֹד) — properly, weight, but only figuratively in a good sense, splendor or copiousness
- of Yhwh H3068 (יְהֹוָה) — (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jeho-vah, Jewish national name of God
- shall be thy rereward H622 (אָסַף) — to gather for any purpose; hence, to receive, take away, i.e. remove (destroy, leave behind, put up, restore, etc.)
9 Then shalt thou call, and Jehovah will answer; thou shalt cry, and he will say, Here I am. If thou take away from the midst of thee the yoke, the putting forth of the finger, and speaking wickedly;Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- Then shalt thou call H7121 (קָרָא) — to call out to (i.e. properly, address by name, but used in a wide variety of applications)
- And Yhwh H3068 (יְהֹוָה) — (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jeho-vah, Jewish national name of God
- shall answer H6030 (עָנָה) — properly, to eye or (generally) to heed, i.e. pay attention; by implication, to respond; by extension to begin to speak; specifically to sing, shout, testify, a…
- thou shalt cry H7768 (שָׁוַע) — properly, to be free; but used only causatively and reflexively, to halloo (for help, i.e. freedom from some trouble)
- and he shall say H559 (אָמַר) — to say (used with great latitude)
- If thou take away H5493 (סוּר) — to turn off (literally or figuratively)
- from the midst H8432 (תָּוֶךְ) — a bisection, i.e. (by implication) the centre
- of thee the yoke H4133 (מוֹטָה) — a pole; by implication, an ox-bow; hence, a yoke (either literal or figurative)
- the putting forth H7971 (שָׁלַח) — to send away, for, or out (in a great variety of applications)
- of the finger H676 (אֶצְבַּע) — something to sieze with, i.e. a finger; by analogy, a toe
- and speaking H1696 (דָבַר) — perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive sense) to subdue
- vanity H205 (אָוֶן) — strictly nothingness; also trouble, vanity, wickedness; specifically an idol
10 and if thou draw out thy soul to the hungry, and satisfy the afflicted soul: then shall thy light rise in darkness, and thine obscurity be as the noonday;Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- thou draw out H6329 (פּוּק) — to issue, i.e. furnish; causatively, to secure; figuratively, to succeed
- thy soul H5315 (נֶפֶשׁ) — properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental)
- to the hungry H7457 (רָעֵב) — hungry (more or less intensely)
- and satisfy H7646 (שָׂבַע) — to sate, i.e. fill to satisfaction (literally or figuratively)
- the afflicted H6031 (עָנָה) — to depress literally or figuratively, transitive or intransitive (in various applications, as follows)
- soul H5315 (נֶפֶשׁ) — properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental)
- then shall thy light H216 (אוֹר) — illumination or (concrete) luminary (in every sense, including lightning, happiness, etc.)
- rise H2224 (זָרַח) — properly, to irradiate (or shoot forth beams), i.e. to rise (as the sun); specifically, to appear (as a symptom of leprosy)
- in obscurity H2822 (חֹשֶׁךְ) — the dark; hence (literally) darkness; figuratively, misery, destruction, death, ignorance, sorrow, wickedness
- and thy darkness H653 (אֲפֵלָה) — duskiness, figuratively, misfortune; concrete, concealment
- as the noonday H6672 (צֹהַר) — a light (i.e. window); dual double light, i.e. noon
11 and Jehovah will guide thee continually, and satisfy thy soul in dry places, and make strong thy bones; and thou shalt be like a watered garden, and like a spring of water, whose waters fail not.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- And Yhwh H3068 (יְהֹוָה) — (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jeho-vah, Jewish national name of God
- shall guide H5148 (נָחָה) — to guide; by implication, to transport (into exile, or as colonists)
- thee continually H8548 (תָּמִיד) — properly, continuance (as indefinite extension); but used only (attributively as adjective) constant (or adverbially, constantly); elliptically the regular (dai…
- and satisfy H7646 (שָׂבַע) — to sate, i.e. fill to satisfaction (literally or figuratively)
- thy soul H5315 (נֶפֶשׁ) — properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental)
- in drought H6710 (צַחְצָחָה) — a dry place, i.e. desert
- and make fat H2502 (חָלַץ) — to pull off; hence (intensively) to strip, (reflex.) to depart; by implication, to deliver, equip (for fight); present, strengthen
- thy bones H6106 (עֶצֶם) — a bone (as strong); by extension, the body; figuratively, the substance, i.e. (as pron.) selfsame
- and thou shalt be like a watered H7302 (רָוֶה) — sated (with drink)
- garden H1588 (גַּן) — a garden (as fenced)
- and like a spring H4161 (מוֹצָא) — a going forth, i.e. (the act) an egress, or (the place) an exit; hence, a source or product; specifically, dawn, the rising of the sun (the East), exportation,…
- of water H4325 (מַיִם) — water; figuratively, juice; by euphemism, urine, semen
- whose waters H4325 (מַיִם) — water; figuratively, juice; by euphemism, urine, semen
- fail H3576 (כָּזַב) — to lie (i.e. deceive), literally or figuratively
12 And they that shall be of thee shall build the old waste places; thou shalt raise up the foundations of many generations; and thou shalt be called The repairer of the breach, The restorer of paths to dwell in.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- of thee shall build H1129 (בָּנָה) — to build (literally and figuratively)
- the old H5769 (עוֹלָם) — properly, concealed, i.e. the vanishing point; generally, time out of mind (past or future), i.e. (practically) eternity; frequentatively, adverbial (especially…
- waste places H2723 (חׇרְבָּה) — properly, drought, i.e. (by implication) a desolation
- thou shalt raise up H6965 (קוּם) — to rise (in various applications, literal, figurative, intensive and causative)
- the foundations H4146 (מוֹסָדָה) — a foundation
- of many H1755 (דּוֹר) — properly, a revolution of time, i.e. an age or generation; also a dwelling
- generations H1755 (דּוֹר) — properly, a revolution of time, i.e. an age or generation; also a dwelling
- and thou shalt be called H7121 (קָרָא) — to call out to (i.e. properly, address by name, but used in a wide variety of applications)
- The repairer H1443 (גָּדַר) — to wall in or around
- of the breach H6556 (פֶּרֶץ) — a break (literally or figuratively)
- The restorer H7725 (שׁוּב) — to turn back (hence, away) transitively or intransitively, literally or figuratively (not necessarily with the idea of return to the starting point); generally…
- of paths H5410 (נָתִיב) — a (beaten) track
- to dwell in H3427 (יָשַׁב) — properly, to sit down (specifically as judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to remain; causatively, to settle, to marry
13 If thou turn away thy foot from the sabbath, from doing thy pleasure on my holy day; and call the sabbath a delight, and the holy of Jehovah honorable; and shalt honor it, not doing thine own ways, nor finding thine own pleasure, nor speaking thine own words:Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- If thou turn away H7725 (שׁוּב) — to turn back (hence, away) transitively or intransitively, literally or figuratively (not necessarily with the idea of return to the starting point); generally…
- thy foot H7272 (רֶגֶל) — a foot (as used in walking); by implication, a step; by euphemistically the pudenda
- from the sabbath H7676 (שַׁבָּת) — intermission, i.e (specifically) the Sabbath
- doing H6213 (עָשָׂה) — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest application
- thy pleasure H2656 (חֵפֶץ) — pleasure; hence (abstractly) desire; concretely, a valuable thing; hence (by extension) a matter (as something in mind)
- on my holy H6944 (קֹדֶשׁ) — a sacred place or thing; rarely abstract, sanctity
- day H3117 (יוֹם) — a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated ter…
- and call H7121 (קָרָא) — to call out to (i.e. properly, address by name, but used in a wide variety of applications)
- the sabbath H7676 (שַׁבָּת) — intermission, i.e (specifically) the Sabbath
- a delight H6027 (עֹנֶג) — luxury
- the holy H6918 (קָדוֹשׁ) — sacred (ceremonially or morally); (as noun) God (by eminence), an angel, a saint, a sanctuary
- of Yhwh H3068 (יְהֹוָה) — (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jeho-vah, Jewish national name of God
- honourable H3513 (כָּבַד) — to be heavy, i.e. in a bad sense (burdensome, severe, dull) or in a good sense (numerous, rich, honorable); causatively, to make weighty (in the same two senses…
- and shalt honour H3513 (כָּבַד) — to be heavy, i.e. in a bad sense (burdensome, severe, dull) or in a good sense (numerous, rich, honorable); causatively, to make weighty (in the same two senses…
- him, not doing H6213 (עָשָׂה) — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest application
- thine own ways H1870 (דֶּרֶךְ) — a road (as trodden); figuratively, a course of life or mode of action, often adverb
- nor finding H4672 (מָצָא) — properly, to come forth to, i.e. appear or exist; transitively, to attain, i.e. find or acquire; figuratively, to occur, meet or be present
- thine own pleasure H2656 (חֵפֶץ) — pleasure; hence (abstractly) desire; concretely, a valuable thing; hence (by extension) a matter (as something in mind)
- nor speaking H1696 (דָבַר) — perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive sense) to subdue
- words H1697 (דָּבָר) — a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause
14 then shalt thou delight thyself in Jehovah; and I will make thee to ride upon the high places of the earth; and I will feed thee with the heritage of Jacob thy father: for the mouth of Jehovah hath spoken it.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- Then shalt thou delight H6026 (עָנַג) — to be soft or pliable, i.e. (figuratively) effeminate or luxurious
- thyself in Yhwh H3068 (יְהֹוָה) — (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jeho-vah, Jewish national name of God
- and I will cause thee to ride H7392 (רָכַב) — to ride (on an animal or in a vehicle); causatively, to place upon (for riding or generally), to despatch
- upon the high places H1116 (בָּמָה) — an elevation
- of the earth H776 (אֶרֶץ) — the earth (at large, or partitively a land)
- and feed H398 (אָכַל) — to eat (literally or figuratively)
- thee with the heritage H5159 (נַחֲלָה) — properly, something inherited, i.e. (abstractly) occupancy, or (concretely) an heirloom; generally an estate, patrimony or portion
- of Jacob H3290 (יַעֲקֹב) — Jaakob, the Israelitish patriarch
- thy father H1 (אָב) — father, in a literal and immediate, or figurative and remote application
- for the mouth H6310 (פֶּה) — the mouth (as the means of blowing), whether literal or figurative (particularly speech); specifically edge, portion or side; adverbially (with preposition) acc…
- of Yhwh H3068 (יְהֹוָה) — (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jeho-vah, Jewish national name of God
- hath spoken H1696 (דָבַר) — perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive sense) to subdue