1 Whoso loveth correction loveth knowledge; But he that hateth reproof is brutish.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- Whoso loveth H157 (אָהַב) — to have affection for (sexually or otherwise)
- instruction H4148 (מוּסָר) — properly, chastisement; figuratively, reproof, warning or instruction; also restraint
- loveth H157 (אָהַב) — to have affection for (sexually or otherwise)
- knowledge H1847 (דַּעַת) — knowledge
- but he that hateth H8130 (שָׂנֵא) — to hate (personally)
- reproof H8433 (תּוֹכֵחָה) — chastisement; figuratively (by words) correction, refutation, proof (even in defence)
- brutish H1198 (בַּעַר) — properly, foot (as consumed); i.e. (by exten.) of cattle brutishness; (concretely) stupid
2 A good man shall obtain favor of Jehovah; But a man of wicked devices will he condemn.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- A good H2896 (טוֹב) — good (as an adjective) in the widest sense; used likewise as a noun, both in the masculine and the feminine, the singular and the plural (good, a good or good t…
- obtaineth H6329 (פּוּק) — to issue, i.e. furnish; causatively, to secure; figuratively, to succeed
- favour H7522 (רָצוֹן) — delight (especially as shown)
- of Yhwh H3068 (יְהֹוָה) — (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jeho-vah, Jewish national name of God
- but a man H376 (אִישׁ) — a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)
- of wicked devices H4209 (מְזִמָּה) — a plan, usually evil (machination), sometimes good (sagacity)
- will he condemn H7561 (רָשַׁע) — to be (causatively, do or declare) wrong; by implication, to disturb, violate
3 A man shall not be established by wickedness; But the root of the righteous shall not be moved.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- A man H120 (אָדָם) — ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)
- shall not be established H3559 (כּוּן) — properly, to be erect (i.e. stand perpendicular); hence (causatively) to set up, in a great variety of applications, whether literal (establish, fix, prepare, a…
- by wickedness H7562 (רֶשַׁע) — a wrong (especially moral)
- but the root H8328 (שֶׁרֶשׁ) — a root (literally or figuratively)
- of the righteous H6662 (צַדִּיק) — just
- shall not be moved H4131 (מוֹט) — to waver; by implication, to slip, shake, fall
4 A worthy woman is the crown of her husband; But she that maketh ashamed is as rottenness in his bones.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- A virtuous H2428 (חַיִל) — probably a force, whether of men, means or other resources; an army, wealth, virtue, valor, strength
- woman H802 (אִשָּׁה) — a woman
- a crown H5850 (עֲטָרָה) — a crown
- to her husband H1167 (בַּעַל) — a master; hence, a husband, or (figuratively) owner (often used with another noun in modifications of this latter sense)
- but she that maketh ashamed H954 (בּוּשׁ) — properly, to pale, i.e. by implication to be ashamed; also (by implication) to be disappointed or delayed
- as rottenness H7538 (רָקָב) — decay (by caries)
- in his bones H6106 (עֶצֶם) — a bone (as strong); by extension, the body; figuratively, the substance, i.e. (as pron.) selfsame
5 The thoughts of the righteous are just; But the counsels of the wicked are deceit.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- The thoughts H4284 (מַחֲשָׁבָה) — a contrivance, i.e. (concretely) a texture, machine, or (abstractly) intention, plan (whether bad, a plot; or good, advice)
- of the righteous H6662 (צַדִּיק) — just
- right H4941 (מִשְׁפָּט) — properly, a verdict (favorable or unfavorable) pronounced judicially, especially a sentence or formal decree (human or (participant's) divine law, individual or…
- the counsels H8458 (תַּחְבֻּלָה) — (only in plural) properly, steerage (as a management of ropes), i.e. (figuratively) guidance or (by implication) a plan
- of the wicked H7563 (רָשָׁע) — morally wrong; concretely, an (actively) bad person
- deceit H4820 (מִרְמָה) — fraud
6 The words of the wicked are of lying in wait for blood; But the mouth of the upright shall deliver them.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- The words H1697 (דָּבָר) — a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause
- of the wicked H7563 (רָשָׁע) — morally wrong; concretely, an (actively) bad person
- to lie in wait H693 (אָרַב) — to lurk
- for blood H1818 (דָּם) — blood (as that which when shed causes death) of man or an animal; by analogy, the juice of the grape; figuratively (especially in the plural) bloodshed (i.e. dr…
- but the mouth H6310 (פֶּה) — the mouth (as the means of blowing), whether literal or figurative (particularly speech); specifically edge, portion or side; adverbially (with preposition) acc…
- of the upright H3477 (יָשָׁר) — straight (literally or figuratively)
- shall deliver H5337 (נָצַל) — to snatch away, whether in a good or a bad sense
7 The wicked are overthrown, and are not; But the house of the righteous shall stand.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- The wicked H7563 (רָשָׁע) — morally wrong; concretely, an (actively) bad person
- are overthrown H2015 (הָפַךְ) — to turn about or over; by implication, to change, overturn, return, pervert
- not: but the house H1004 (בַּיִת) — a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.)
- of the righteous H6662 (צַדִּיק) — just
- shall stand H5975 (עָמַד) — to stand, in various relations (literal and figurative, intransitive and transitive)
8 A man shall be commended according to his wisdom; But he that is of a perverse heart shall be despised.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- A man H376 (אִישׁ) — a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)
- shall be commended H1984 (הָלַל) — to be clear (orig. of sound, but usually of color); to shine; hence, to make a show, to boast; and thus to be (clamorously) foolish; to rave; causatively, to ce…
- according H6310 (פֶּה) — the mouth (as the means of blowing), whether literal or figurative (particularly speech); specifically edge, portion or side; adverbially (with preposition) acc…
- to his wisdom H7922 (שֶׂכֶל) — intelligence; by implication, success
- but he that is of a perverse H5753 (עָוָה) — to crook, literally or figuratively
- heart H3820 (לֵב) — the heart; also used (figuratively) very widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect; likewise for the centre of anything
- shall be despised H937 (בּוּז) — disrespect
9 Better is he that is lightly esteemed, and hath a servant, Than he that honoreth himself, and lacketh bread.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- despised H7034 (קָלָה) — to be light (as implied in rapid motion), but figuratively, only (be [causatively, hold] in contempt)
- and hath a servant H5650 (עֶבֶד) — a servant
- better H2896 (טוֹב) — good (as an adjective) in the widest sense; used likewise as a noun, both in the masculine and the feminine, the singular and the plural (good, a good or good t…
- than he that honoureth H3513 (כָּבַד) — to be heavy, i.e. in a bad sense (burdensome, severe, dull) or in a good sense (numerous, rich, honorable); causatively, to make weighty (in the same two senses…
- himself, and lacketh H2638 (חָסֵר) — lacking; hence, without
- bread H3899 (לֶחֶם) — food (for man or beast), especially bread, or grain (for making it)
10 A righteous man regardeth the life of his beast; But the tender mercies of the wicked are cruel.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- A righteous H6662 (צַדִּיק) — just
- regardeth H3045 (יָדַע) — to know (properly, to ascertain by seeing); used in a great variety of senses, figuratively, literally, euphemistically and inferentially (including observation…
- the life H5315 (נֶפֶשׁ) — properly, a breathing creature, i.e. animal of (abstractly) vitality; used very widely in a literal, accommodated or figurative sense (bodily or mental)
- of his beast H929 (בְּהֵמָה) — properly, a dumb beast; especially any large quadruped or animal (often collective)
- but the tender mercies H7356 (רַחַם) — compassion (in the plural); by extension, the womb (as cherishing the fetus); by implication, a maiden
- of the wicked H7563 (רָשָׁע) — morally wrong; concretely, an (actively) bad person
- cruel H394 (אַכְזָרִי) — terrible
11 He that tilleth his land shall have plenty of bread; But he that followeth after vain persons is void of understanding.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- He that tilleth H5647 (עָבַד) — to work (in any sense); by implication, to serve, till, (causatively) enslave, etc.
- his land H127 (אֲדָמָה) — soil (from its general redness)
- shall be satisfied H7646 (שָׂבַע) — to sate, i.e. fill to satisfaction (literally or figuratively)
- with bread H3899 (לֶחֶם) — food (for man or beast), especially bread, or grain (for making it)
- but he that followeth H7291 (רָדַף) — to run after (usually with hostile intent; figuratively [of time] gone by)
- vain H7386 (רֵיק) — empty; figuratively, worthless
- void H2638 (חָסֵר) — lacking; hence, without
- of understanding H3820 (לֵב) — the heart; also used (figuratively) very widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect; likewise for the centre of anything
12 The wicked desireth the net of evil men; But the root of the righteous yieldeth fruit.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- The wicked H7563 (רָשָׁע) — morally wrong; concretely, an (actively) bad person
- desireth H2530 (חָמַד) — to delight in
- the net H4685 (מָצוֹד) — a net (for capturing animals or fishes); a fastness or (beseiging) tower
- of evil H7451 (רַע) — bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral)
- but the root H8328 (שֶׁרֶשׁ) — a root (literally or figuratively)
- of the righteous H6662 (צַדִּיק) — just
- yieldeth H5414 (נָתַן) — to give, used with greatest latitude of application (put, make, etc.)
13 In the transgression of the lips is a snare to the evil man; But the righteous shall come out of trouble.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- The wicked H7451 (רַע) — bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral)
- is snared H4170 (מוֹקֵשׁ) — a noose (for catching animals) (literally or figuratively); by implication, a hook (for the nose)
- by the transgression H6588 (פֶּשַׁע) — a revolt (national, moral or religious)
- lips H8193 (שָׂפָה) — the lip (as a natural boundary); by implication, language; by analogy, a margin (of a vessel, water, cloth, etc.)
- but the just H6662 (צַדִּיק) — just
- shall come out H3318 (יָצָא) — to go (causatively, bring) out, in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively, direct and proxim.
- of trouble H6869 (צָרָה) — tightness (i.e. figuratively, trouble); transitively, a female rival
14 A man shall be satisfied with good by the fruit of his mouth; And the doings of a man’s hands shall be rendered unto him.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- A man H376 (אִישׁ) — a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)
- shall be satisfied H7646 (שָׂבַע) — to sate, i.e. fill to satisfaction (literally or figuratively)
- with good H2896 (טוֹב) — good (as an adjective) in the widest sense; used likewise as a noun, both in the masculine and the feminine, the singular and the plural (good, a good or good t…
- by the fruit H6529 (פְּרִי) — fruit (literally or figuratively)
- mouth H6310 (פֶּה) — the mouth (as the means of blowing), whether literal or figurative (particularly speech); specifically edge, portion or side; adverbially (with preposition) acc…
- and the recompence H1576 (גְּמוּל) — treatment, i.e. an act (of good or ill); by implication, service or requital
- of a man’s H120 (אָדָם) — ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)
- hands H3027 (יָד) — a hand (the open one [indicating power, means, direction, etc.], in distinction from 3709, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great variety of a…
- shall be rendered H7725 (שׁוּב) — to turn back (hence, away) transitively or intransitively, literally or figuratively (not necessarily with the idea of return to the starting point); generally…
15 The way of a fool is right in his own eyes; But he that is wise hearkeneth unto counsel.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- The way H1870 (דֶּרֶךְ) — a road (as trodden); figuratively, a course of life or mode of action, often adverb
- of a fool H191 (אֱוִיל) — (figuratively) silly
- right H3477 (יָשָׁר) — straight (literally or figuratively)
- in his own eyes H5869 (עַיִן) — an eye (literally or figuratively); by analogy, a fountain (as the eye of the landscape)
- but he that hearkeneth H8085 (שָׁמַע) — to hear intelligently (often with implication of attention, obedience, etc.; causatively, to tell, etc.)
- unto counsel H6098 (עֵצָה) — advice; by implication, plan; also prudence
- wise H2450 (חָכָם) — wise, (i.e. intelligent, skilful or artful)
16 A fool’s vexation is presently known; But a prudent man concealeth shame.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- A fool’s H191 (אֱוִיל) — (figuratively) silly
- wrath H3708 (כַּעַס) — vexation
- is presently H3117 (יוֹם) — a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated ter…
- known H3045 (יָדַע) — to know (properly, to ascertain by seeing); used in a great variety of senses, figuratively, literally, euphemistically and inferentially (including observation…
- but a prudent H6175 (עָרוּם) — cunning (usually in a bad sense)
- covereth H3680 (כָּסָה) — properly, to plump, i.e. fill up hollows; by implication, to cover (for clothing or secrecy)
- shame H7036 (קָלוֹן) — disgrace; (by implication) the pudenda
17 He that uttereth truth showeth forth righteousness; But a false witness, deceit.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- speaketh H6315 (פּוּחַ) — to puff, i.e. blow with the breath or air; hence, to fan (as a breeze), to utter, to kindle (a fire), to scoff
- truth H530 (אֱמוּנָה) — literally firmness; figuratively security; morally fidelity
- sheweth forth H5046 (נָגַד) — properly, to front, i.e. stand boldly out opposite; by implication (causatively), to manifest; figuratively, to announce (always by word of mouth to one present…
- righteousness H6664 (צֶדֶק) — the right (natural, moral or legal); also (abstractly) equity or (figuratively) prosperity
- but a false H8267 (שֶׁקֶר) — an untruth; by implication, a sham (often adverbial)
- witness H5707 (עֵד) — concretely, a witness; abstractly, testimony; specifically, a recorder, i.e. prince
- deceit H4820 (מִרְמָה) — fraud
18 There is that speaketh rashly like the piercings of a sword; But the tongue of the wise is health.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- There is H3426 (יֵשׁ) — there is or are (or any other form of the verb to be, as may suit the connection)
- that speaketh H981 (בָּטָא) — to babble; hence, to vociferate angrily
- like the piercings H4094 (מַדְקָרָה) — a wound
- of a sword H2719 (חֶרֶב) — drought; also a cutting instrument (from its destructive effect), as a knife, sword, or other sharp implement
- but the tongue H3956 (לָשׁוֹן) — the tongue (of man or animals), used literally (as the instrument of licking, eating, or speech), and figuratively (speech, an ingot, a fork of flame, a cove of…
- of the wise H2450 (חָכָם) — wise, (i.e. intelligent, skilful or artful)
- health H4832 (מַרְפֵּא) — properly, curative, i.e. literally (concretely) a medicine, or (abstractly) a cure; figuratively (concretely) deliverance, or (abstractly) placidity
19 The lip of truth shall be established for ever; But a lying tongue is but for a moment.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- The lip H8193 (שָׂפָה) — the lip (as a natural boundary); by implication, language; by analogy, a margin (of a vessel, water, cloth, etc.)
- of truth H571 (אֶמֶת) — stability; (figuratively) certainty, truth, trustworthiness
- shall be established H3559 (כּוּן) — properly, to be erect (i.e. stand perpendicular); hence (causatively) to set up, in a great variety of applications, whether literal (establish, fix, prepare, a…
- for ever H5703 (עַד) — properly, a (peremptory) terminus, i.e. (by implication) duration, in the sense of advance or perpetuity (substantially as a noun, either with or without a prep…
- but a lying H8267 (שֶׁקֶר) — an untruth; by implication, a sham (often adverbial)
- tongue H3956 (לָשׁוֹן) — the tongue (of man or animals), used literally (as the instrument of licking, eating, or speech), and figuratively (speech, an ingot, a fork of flame, a cove of…
- but for a moment H7280 (רָגַע) — properly, to toss violently and suddenly (the sea with waves, the skin with boils); figuratively (in a favorable manner) to settle, i.e. quiet; specifically, to…
20 Deceit is in the heart of them that devise evil; But to the counsellors of peace is joy.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- Deceit H4820 (מִרְמָה) — fraud
- in the heart H3820 (לֵב) — the heart; also used (figuratively) very widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect; likewise for the centre of anything
- of them that imagine H2790 (חָרַשׁ) — to scratch, i.e. (by implication) to engrave, plough; hence (from the use of tools) to fabricate (of any material); figuratively, to devise (in a bad sense); he…
- evil H7451 (רַע) — bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral)
- but to the counsellors H3289 (יָעַץ) — to advise; reflexively, to deliberate or resolve
- of peace H7965 (שָׁלוֹם) — safe, i.e. (figuratively) well, happy, friendly; also (abstractly) welfare, i.e. health, prosperity, peace
- joy H8057 (שִׂמְחָה) — blithesomeness or glee, (religious or festival)
21 There shall no mischief happen to the righteous; But the wicked shall be filled with evil.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- There shall no evil H205 (אָוֶן) — strictly nothingness; also trouble, vanity, wickedness; specifically an idol
- happen H579 (אָנָה) — to approach; hence, to meet in various senses
- to the just H6662 (צַדִּיק) — just
- but the wicked H7563 (רָשָׁע) — morally wrong; concretely, an (actively) bad person
- shall be filled H4390 (מָלֵא) — to fill or (intransitively) be full of, in a wide application (literally and figuratively)
- with mischief H7451 (רַע) — bad or (as noun) evil (natural or moral)
22 Lying lips are an abomination to Jehovah; But they that deal truly are his delight.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- Lying H8267 (שֶׁקֶר) — an untruth; by implication, a sham (often adverbial)
- lips H8193 (שָׂפָה) — the lip (as a natural boundary); by implication, language; by analogy, a margin (of a vessel, water, cloth, etc.)
- abomination H8441 (תּוֹעֵבַה) — properly, something disgusting (morally), i.e. (as noun) an abhorrence; especially idolatry or (concretely) an idol
- to Yhwh H3068 (יְהֹוָה) — (the) self-Existent or Eternal; Jeho-vah, Jewish national name of God
- but they that deal H6213 (עָשָׂה) — to do or make, in the broadest sense and widest application
- truly H530 (אֱמוּנָה) — literally firmness; figuratively security; morally fidelity
- his delight H7522 (רָצוֹן) — delight (especially as shown)
23 A prudent man concealeth knowledge; But the heart of fools proclaimeth foolishness.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- A prudent H6175 (עָרוּם) — cunning (usually in a bad sense)
- man H120 (אָדָם) — ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)
- concealeth H3680 (כָּסָה) — properly, to plump, i.e. fill up hollows; by implication, to cover (for clothing or secrecy)
- knowledge H1847 (דַּעַת) — knowledge
- but the heart H3820 (לֵב) — the heart; also used (figuratively) very widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect; likewise for the centre of anything
- of fools H3684 (כְּסִיל) — properly, fat, i.e. (figuratively) stupid or silly
- proclaimeth H7121 (קָרָא) — to call out to (i.e. properly, address by name, but used in a wide variety of applications)
- foolishness H200 (אִוֶּלֶת) — silliness
24 The hand of the diligent shall bear rule; But the slothful shall be put under taskwork.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- The hand H3027 (יָד) — a hand (the open one [indicating power, means, direction, etc.], in distinction from 3709, the closed one); used (as noun, adverb, etc.) in a great variety of a…
- of the diligent H2742 (חֲרוּץ) — properly, incised or (active) incisive; hence (as noun masculine or feminine) a trench (as dug), gold (as mined), a threshing-sledge (having sharp teeth); (figu…
- shall bear rule H4910 (מָשַׁל) — to rule
- but the slothful H7423 (רְמִיָּה) — remissness, treachery
- shall be under tribute H4522 (מַס) — properly, a burden (as causing to faint), i.e. a tax in the form of forced labor
25 Heaviness in the heart of a man maketh it stoop; But a good word maketh it glad.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- Heaviness H1674 (דְּאָגָה) — anxiety
- in the heart H3820 (לֵב) — the heart; also used (figuratively) very widely for the feelings, the will and even the intellect; likewise for the centre of anything
- of man H376 (אִישׁ) — a man as an individual or a male person; often used as an adjunct to a more definite term (and in such cases frequently not expressed in translation)
- maketh it stoop H7812 (שָׁחָה) — to depress, i.e. prostrate (especially reflexive, in homage to royalty or God)
- but a good H2896 (טוֹב) — good (as an adjective) in the widest sense; used likewise as a noun, both in the masculine and the feminine, the singular and the plural (good, a good or good t…
- word H1697 (דָּבָר) — a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause
- maketh it glad H8055 (שָׂמַח) — probably to brighten up, i.e. (figuratively) be (causatively, make) blithe or gleesome
26 The righteous is a guide to his neighbor; But the way of the wicked causeth them to err.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- The righteous H6662 (צַדִּיק) — just
- more excellent H8446 (תּוּר) — to meander (causatively, guide) about, especially for trade or reconnoitring
- than his neighbour H7453 (רֵעַ) — an associate (more or less close)
- but the way H1870 (דֶּרֶךְ) — a road (as trodden); figuratively, a course of life or mode of action, often adverb
- of the wicked H7563 (רָשָׁע) — morally wrong; concretely, an (actively) bad person
- seduceth H8582 (תָּעָה) — to vacillate, i.e. reel or stray (literally or figuratively); also causative of both
27 The slothful man roasteth not that which he took in hunting; But the precious substance of men is to the diligent.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- The slothful H7423 (רְמִיָּה) — remissness, treachery
- roasteth H2760 (חָרַךְ) — to braid (i.e. to entangle or snare) or catch (game) in a net
- not that which he took in hunting H6718 (צַיִד) — the chase; also game (thus taken)
- but the substance H1952 (הוֹן) — wealth; by implication, enough
- of a diligent H2742 (חֲרוּץ) — properly, incised or (active) incisive; hence (as noun masculine or feminine) a trench (as dug), gold (as mined), a threshing-sledge (having sharp teeth); (figu…
- man H120 (אָדָם) — ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)
- precious H3368 (יָקָר) — valuable (objectively or subjectively)
28 In the way of righteousness is life; And in the pathway thereof there is no death.Cross references & Strong's
Strong's numbers (from RLT):- In the way H734 (אֹרַח) — a well-trodden road (literally or figuratively); also a caravan
- of righteousness H6666 (צְדָקָה) — rightness (abstractly), subjectively (rectitude), objectively (justice), morally (virtue) or figuratively (prosperity)
- life H2416 (חַי) — alive; hence, raw (flesh); fresh (plant, water, year), strong; also (as noun, especially in the feminine singular and masculine plural) life (or living thing),…
- the pathway H1870 (דֶּרֶךְ) — a road (as trodden); figuratively, a course of life or mode of action, often adverb
- the pathway H5410 (נָתִיב) — a (beaten) track
- no death H4194 (מָוֶת) — death (natural or violent); concretely, the dead, their place or state (hades); figuratively, pestilence, ruin